![]() 2 This led to significant interest from various pharmaceutical companies and to the investigation of a plethora of fungal species in clinical trials of various cholesterol pathways and their effects on serum cholesterol level. More than 5,000 different species of fungal broth were tested, and finally, in late August 1973, a compound called compactin (ML236B or mevastatin) was isolated from the fungal broth of Penicillium citrinum it was the first and one of the most potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to be identified. 1 This remarkable observation led Dr Endo to the reasonable conclusion that a by-product of fungal metabolism inhibited a crucial step in cholesterol biosynthesis, causing the destruction of the bacterial cell membrane without damaging its own fungal cell wall, which is composed of ergosterol rather than cholesterol. His keen observation skills and attention to detail led him to note that the broth of bacterium closer to the fungal colony was inhibited without causing much damage to its own fungal growth. Brought up in a farming family in Japan and educated by his grandfather, Dr Endo’s main research interest was fungi. It was during this period that the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis was revealed, and the enzyme hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase became the target for many pharmaceutical products. ![]() In the early 1970s, the discovery of statin by Dr Akira Endo changed the fate of cardiovascular disease prevention and the treatment of atherosclerosis. ![]() KeywordsĬardiovascular risk, creatine kinase, statin-associated muscle symptoms, statin-related muscle toxicity, statins Article: This article aims to provide a structured, evidence-based approach to suspected statin-related muscle toxicity. N-of-1 trial evidence suggests that muscular symptoms attributed to statins are often caused by the nocebo effect. The adverse effects that worries patients and their physicians most frequently are those related to muscular symptoms. Moreover, there seems to be a reluctance to escalate statin doses due to the fear of adverse effects. However, a recent study demonstrated that only 68% of eligible patients are on statin therapy. The number needed to treat to prevent one cardiovascular event is 1 in 30 over 10 years, and the number needed to treat for secondary prevention is much lower. Additionally, this app is ideal for physicians, educators or professionals, in helping to locate a muscle and / or explain its relevance for certain conditions, ailments and injuries.The efficacy of statins in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease has been proven beyond doubt. Muscle System Pro III’s primary use is as a learning tool but it can also be used as a fast and innovative reference tool by utilizing the index function that allows the user to select a muscle and the app will automatically zoom in and identify it. Graphical Hints: On screen hints that can be turned on or off, for a complete understanding of all the app's features. Public Notes: Post or browse through shared public notes. Mix layers: Make one layer semitransparent to compare against another layer. Interface: Completely rebuilt to allow for simple navigation. New 3D level with insertion / origin points mapped onto bone.Ģ15 animations of every movement of each articulation (flexion, extension, etc.)Ĥ25 audio pronunciations, for every label.ĭraw on any screen image and then share it through email, Facebook or Twitter.Ģ types of Quiz, Drag and Drop and Multi-choice - with ability to test on specific areas or muscles. Rotate vertically for inferior and superior for unique views where applicable.ġ0 layers of superficial and deep muscle. – Clinical journal of Sports Medicine Blog.ģ60 horizontal degree rotation of any body part - with a swipe of your finger. "The images really are stunning when seen on the iPad." "This is a 3D powerhouse of interactive anatomy that every doctor, chiropractor, nurse practitioner and massage therapist should own, not to mention every medical student or anyone interested in human anatomy." "Muscle System Pro III is a great option for users who wish to have a completely customizable human anatomy app." The professional apps by 3D4Medical are rapidly becoming the de facto choice for anatomy visualization on the iPad.
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